Oskar Morgenstern was born in Berlin. He earned his doctorate in mathematics at the University of Berlin, where he studied mathematics under David Hilbert. He then moved to Vienna, where he worked as an engineer for the Austrian Railways until 1914. During World War I he fought in France for the German army
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After the war, he was imprisoned by the Czechoslovakian government for his anti-Nazi activities and spent four years under house arrest. In 1928, Morgenstern became a professor of mathematics at the University of Berlin. One year later, he became a professor of economics at the University of Vienna.
He was also active as an essayist and literary critic, publishing many articles on diverse subjects. Space does not permit a complete list of his publications.